NotabiliaThere are 77 items

Notes on inscriptions, bindings, bookplates and other evidence of ownership in rare books
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  • Prince-Cardinal Maurizio of Savoy (1593-1657) is known as a significant and sophisticated collector of the visual arts, a patron of literature and of the musical and theatrical arts, founder of two academies (Accademia dei Desiosi in Rome, and Accademia dei Solinghi in Turin), a major political figure who played a crucial role in the conclave of 1623 and influenced the election of Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII, was at the centre of events during the War of the Mantuan succession 1628-1631, and endeavoured to become ruler of Savoy after the death of his brother. But although deeply engaged his entire life with artists, authors, philosophers, and scientists, receiving the dedication of some two dozen books, and commissioning at least one, much is unknown about his bibliophilic interests. Only a tiny fraction has been recovered from apparently substantial libraries created in both Turin and Rome: eighteen books and manuscripts (in twenty volumes), recognizable solely because of the armorial insignia gilt-tooled on their covers. This post reviews past literature on Cardinal Maurizio’s bindings and presents an updated Census of the recorded bindings. In an Appendix, the 1657 post-mortem inventory of Maurizio’s library (the only extant list of his books) is presented. An effort has been made to identify each book listed, citing a probable or possible edition.

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  • Two months after the death on 4 August 1610 of Guillaume Daffis, chevalier, Seigneur de Goudourville et de Lalande, Premier président au parlement de Bordeaux, his heirs met with the Bordeaux notary, Théophile Duboys, to make an inventory of the deceased’s possessions. The list of books in that document itemises approximately 900 volumes.1

    Guillaume Daffis was born in 1539 at Toulouse, the elder of two sons of Jean Daffis (d. 1581) and Catherine de Tournoer. The Daffis had emerged a century before from the merchant class of Toulouse to hold municipal office (Capitoul, 1442). Guillaume’s grandfather, Pierre (d. 1538) was professor of law and regent of the University of Toulouse; his father studied law at Padua (1530-1533), succeeded Pierre as Docteur régent de l’Université de Toulouse, became Avocat général au Parlement de Toulouse, and was three times Président au Parlement de Toulouse (1556, 1563, 1581).2 On a visit to Toulouse in 1565, Charles IX conferred upon Jean the title of chevalier.3

    Nothing is yet known of Guillaume’s education, however he is said to have been an excellent Hebraist, fluent in Latin and Greek,4 and it seems certain that he studied law. Guillaume was appointed Conseiller au Parlement de Toulouse (1568), Président aux Requetés (1575), and Avocat général au Parlement de Toulouse and Premier président du Parlement de Bordeaux (1586).5 Guillaume’s younger brother, Jean (1554-1614), was likewise educated in the law, but embarked instead on a career in the church, becoming coadjutor bishop of Lombez, Vicaire général de Toulouse, then bishop of Lombez (1597-1614).6 All members of the family were strongly anti-Huguenot and protectors of the Jesuits and other Counter-Reformation Orders. Guillaume’s second son, Bernard (1586-1627), was educated by the Jesuits in Toulouse, studied law at the university there and also at Bordeaux, became commendatory abbot of Casedieu (Gers) and of two other priories, was ordained, and in 1614 succeeded his uncle as bishop of Lombez.7

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  • Guillaume Merlin was a son-in-law of Guillaume Godard, a printer-bookseller situated on the north bank of the Ile de la Cité, at the end of the Pont au Change, beside the L’Horloge de la Conciergerie and beneath “lenseigne de l’homme sauvage”. Godard was a senior member of the Parisian trade, libraire juré en l'université (from 1510), who specialised in liturgical books, especially books of hours (prayer books intended for the laity). By 1537, when his daughter Catherine married Guillaume Merlin, Godard was operating thirteen or fourteen presses, employing 250 workmen, and using 200 reams of paper each week.1 Unlike most colleagues, who contracted specific work to outsiders, Godard worked independently, keeping large stocks of materials (paper, matrices, woodblocks, binding leather, and gold leaf) on his premises, which gave him greater control over supply. An inventory taken in 1545 describes L’homme sauvage as composed of eight rooms spread over three floors, at once a residence, retail premises, workshop, and book warehouse (paper was stored in an annex nearby). A stock of 263,696 books is recorded, of which 148,717 are liturgical works, some described as “reliés” and “dorés” or “relié et prêt à dorer” (a doreur lodged in the attic of L’homme sauvage).2

    In October 1538, Guillaume Merlin was named one of the twenty-four libraires-jurés, in succession to Guillaume Hardouyn, himself a specialist in books of hours.3 The inventory of 1545 provides no indication of his role in his father-in-law’s business, however by 1546-1547, Merlin appears to have taken over the shop. Merlin soon ceased printing, and became a merchant-bookseller.4 He kept the pictographic shop sign of an homme sauvage, but introduced new woodcut printer’s devices featuring a young swan (cygnet) standing amid bulrushes, its neck around the stem of a cross, enclosed by a scrollwork frame inscribed “In Hoc Cygno Vinces”.5 The earliest of these devices (69 x 96 mm; Renouard 760) reputedly first appeared in a folio Missal, use of Paris, issued in 1540 in association with Simon de Colines.6 Four smaller variants of the device are first recorded in 1552 (52 x 69 mm; Renouard 761), 1554 (31 x 41 mm; Renouard 762), 1553 (30 x 40 mm; Renouard 762bis), and 1552 (32 x 30 mm; not in Renouard).

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  • Eleven bindings are known with a gilt device on their covers modelled after the emblematic printer’s marks of the Flemish publisher Jean Bogard. They cover books printed in various formats (sextodecimo, duodecimo, octavo, quarto), seven from presses operated by Bogard at Louvain and Douai, dated 1564-1575, and the others imprints of publishers at Antwerp (1576), Geneva (1572), Lyon (1554), and Poitiers (1565). All were probably bound in this narrow period 1564-1576, for the purposes of display and sale on Bogard’s own premises.1 It is doubtful that Bogard himself maintained a bindery.2

    The origins and apprenticeship of Jean Bogard (ca 1531-1616) are unknown.3 The first known work published under his name was issued at Louvain in 1556 from a shop in the Proeffstraat under the sign of the Golden Bible (“sub Bibliis aureis”).4 On its title-page is a woodcut printer’s mark (49 x 41mm) representing an open Greek Bible surmounting a winged heart, with the motto “Cor rectum inquirit scientiam” (a righteous heart seeks after knowledge) on the exergue. Five variants of the same device, now incorporating a city prospect, were cut ca 1563-1571.5 Sometime between 1572 and 1574, Bogard retreated with his presses to the Catholic safe haven of Douai, where he established himself in a house in the Rue des écoles formerly occupied by the university printer Jacques Bosschaert (Boscard). He rehung his Louvain shop sign, and proceeded to issue hundreds of editions, including school publications, devotional reading, sacred literature, and music, in Latin, French, and Flemish, likewise “Sub Bibliis Aureis,” “à la Bible d’or”, and “inden gulden Bybel”. Bogard remained in Douai until around 1608, when he returned to Louvain. His shop there  had resumed activity in 1586, issuing mostly religious texts and spiritual literature in small formats, in Latin, French, or Dutch, but was closed permanently in 1598. Jean Bogard died in Louvain in 1616 leaving his printing office in Douai in the hands of his son, Jean II (1561-1627).

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  • In earlier posts we have mentioned some Germans who chose to continue their education at the Italian universities and became there patrons of bookbindings, sending their schoolbooks to be specially bound in the local shops [link]. The Silesian nobleman Georg von Logau (Logus), who in the years 1519-1538 attended the universities of Bologna, Rome, Padua, and Ferrara, is known by three such bindings, two acquired by him in Bologna and the other in Venice. They compare favourably with the luxurious bindings commissioned by Logau’s better-known contemporaries, the students Nikolaus Ebeleben, Damian Pflug, and Heinrich Castell, and suggest a bibliophile of equally refined taste.

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  • Bookbinders’ panel stamps or plaques are large tools, incorporating a complete design, which are applied to a binding in a screw press, usually in a single operation (both covers simultaneously). In two previous posts, details of panel stamps assumed to have been made and used at Bologna before about 1560 were presented (1 - Rectangular plaques, [link]; 2 - Lobed elliptical plaques, [link]). Some panels used by bookbinders at Rome are mentioned below.

    Binder’s panels were not engraved, but cast, and therefore were not unique objects, but multiples, identical except in the event of casting flaws (see previous discussion, [link]). No one knows who undertook their manufacture or how they were marketed. As anonymous merchandise, the panels are difficult to localise, let alone link to a specific binder. In the previous post, we saw that Anthony Hobson unhesitatingly associated certain panels with specific Bolognese shops, for the reason that a distinctive tool - a bust portrait, or an emblematic figure - also was employed, which Hobson recognised as the property of a particular binder.1 But these small engraved tools are likely to have been made and sold in the same channels as the panel stamps, and, likewise, could have belonged to various binders, concurrently.

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  • In a previous post [link], details were presented of some bindings decorated with arabesque ornament. Apart from one binding, tooled in black on parchment, the covering material of those volumes is goatskin, and the decoration either in gilt or blind (occasionally both). Although they contain mostly Venetian books, printed from the second quarter of the sixteenth century until about 1560, the bindings were attributed to Bolognese workshops, and were organised by shop or by design elements.

    The question of how this arabesque ornament was applied on the covers was not always resolved. Anthony Hobson believed that it was impressed using pairs of large panel stamps, positioned in a screw press.1 To our eyes, not all of the bindings Hobson identifies as panel-stamped were decorated in that manner. We suppose that some were decorated conventionally, using blocks and small hand tools.

    The bindings discussed in the previous post display rectangular panels, or arabesque ornament enclosed within rectangular frames. Here we present bindings with similar arabesque decoration confined within the contours of a stylised, multi-lobed leaf of Islamic inspiration. Hobson identifies eleven bindings featuring panel stamps (plaques) of such design, and supposes that the “plaque either existed in more than one copy or was passed from one shop to another”.2

    Although we concur that all eleven are panel-stamped bindings, the bindings are not impressed by the same panel. We see a variety of designs, even on a single binding, and presume that numerous panels were in use simultaneously. Hobson’s eleven bindings are rearranged in the List below in three types (II-A/1-8, II-B/1, II-C/1-2), and details of some comparable bindings added (II-A/9-14, II-B/2-3, II-D/1, II-E/1-2).

  • The tools that binding finishers use to impress designs into the covering materials of books are of roughly three kinds, hand-held stamps and rolls (including fillets), and panels, which because they are larger require the assistance of a screw press. Bookbinders’ panel stamps are customarily made of metal, either engraved or cast from moulds, although as we shall see the earliest used at Bologna were probably cut in wood. Whenever possible, a pair of panels was employed, and both covers were decorated simultaneously, in a single operation. When they incorporate a complete design, and decorate most or all of one side of a binding, panels often are referred to as “plaques.”

    This post is the first in a series of three providing details of panel-stamped bindings assumed to have been made at Bologna before about 1560. Presented here are bindings decorated by panels either rectangular in shape, or with the decoration contained within a rectangular frame. In a second post [link] bindings decorated by polylobed elliptical panels of arabesque ornament are described. A third post [link] lists some rectangular panels of arabesque ornament used by bookbinders at Rome.

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  • Two Germans living in Rome in the years leading up to its Sack in May 1527 by troops of the Emperor Charles V have for many years intrigued historians of art and of science, who have endeavoured vainly to piece together their biographies. Both men are documented in Venice in the years 1506-1508 and both went afterwards to live in Rome. Both were acute mathematicians, possessing profound knowledge of the Greek textual traditions of mathematics and mathematical astronomy. Both had a particular interest in sundials. Both were friends of the Nuremberg humanist Willibald Pirckheimer.

    In this post, we adduce evidence to support a credible hypothesis, that “Conerus” is an onomastic Latinisation of “Konhofer,” and that Andreas Conerus and Andreas Konhofer are one man. Appended is an updated list of the known manuscripts and printed books belonging to Andreas Konhofer, alias Andreas Conerus.

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  • We have remarked elsewhere of the custom among Germans attending Italian universities of commissioning bookbindings as mementos of their student years [link]. These bindings almost invariably covered Aldine editions of Latin classics, and followed a standard decorative pattern, with the book’s title lettered on one cover and owner’s name on the other. Four such bindings made in 1526-1527 for a young nobleman from the Odenwald are the subject of this post.

    Eberhard Schenk von Erbach was born at Schloss Fürstenau (Michelstadt) on 19 January 1511, the second of three sons of Eberhard XIII von Erbach (1475-1539) and Maria von Wertheim (1485-1553). Taught to read by his mother (“im Frauenzimmer ufferzogen”),1 Eberhard received a year’s instruction from the vicar, Johann Schöneck, then in November 1518 was sent to Heidelberg and entrusted into the care of the pedagogue Johannes Marquard.2 Illness soon required his return home. On 18 September 1522, he matriculated at Tübingen (Humaniora) beside his tutor Marquard.3 In 1526, they travelled together to Padua, where Eberhard attended lectures intermittently from 19 April 1526 to July 1527.4 He returned afterwards to Fürstenau, and Marquard to Heidelberg. In May 1528, Eberhard set out (accompanied now by a servant, Johann Ehus) on a peregrinatio academica, arriving first at the university of Dole, with the objective of learning French; he soon joined his elder brother Georg in Besançon; and on 8 July 1528, they matriculated together at Orléans.5 On 23 April 1529, Eberhard matriculated at Louvain, and in September he was joined there by his younger brother Valentin.6

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  • A sale in Paris in 1870 of a select portion of the vast library of the marqueses de Astorga introduced to the market the family library of the marquesado de Velada.1 The finest of these books had been collected by don Gómez Dávila y Toledo (ca 1535-1616), II marqués de Velada, a major figure at the Spanish court from the 1590s until his death in 1616,2 and by his younger brother, Sancho Dávila y Toledo (1546-1625), successively Bishop of Cartagena (1591), Jaén (1600-1615), Sigüenza (1615-1622), and Plasencia (1622-1625). Sometime after 1784, their libraries were absorbed by inheritance into the Astorga-Altamira library, mixed there among books from the libraries of the Conde-Duque, Montemar, Leganés, Sessa, and other families. A financial crisis, occasioned by the death in 1864 of Vicente Pío, XVIII marqués de Astorga, XIV conde de Altamira, and XV duque de Sessa, required his heir to dispose of assets.3 The Parisian bookseller Antoine Bachelin-Deflorenne reputedly purchased all the books offered in 1870 for 20,000 pesetas.4

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  • The Massimi were one of the oldest aristocratic families in Rome. Domenico Massimi (d. ca 1528), who had amassed a fortune from trade and banking, renovated a palace on the ancient via Papale, where he gathered inscriptions and antique sculpture.1 After its destruction in the Sack of Rome, Pietro (d. 1544), the eldest of his three surviving sons, rebuilt on the same site (1532-1536, design by Baldassare Peruzzi) the so-called Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne; his brother Angelo (1481-1550) built next door (1533-1537, design by Giovanni Mangone) the so-called Palazzo Massimo di Pirro; and his brother Luca (d. 1550) built on the opposite side of the via Papale (design by Antonio da Sangallo). Antiquities from their father’s collection and newly acquired items were installed in the new palazzi, each sumptuously decorated and furnished.

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  • We have commented elsewhere on the rarity of sixteenth-century albums in which the owners pasted, mounted, or bound their prints for safekeeping.1 Many such albums have been broken by dealers, so that they could sell the prints individually;2 or else taken apart by curators, so the prints could be stored in accordance with an institutions’ classification system.3 Those that have survived without alteration offer opportunities to learn how prints were originally collected, used and appreciated, and to see the individual print in a contemporary context. This post describes briefly an album of fifty prints assembled about 1560, which has remained intact to the present day.

  • The reappearance in the auction salerooms (Sotheby’s, London, 9 July 2024) of a volume containing works of the architects Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Antonio Labacco, bound together with seven suites of prints of architectural and other ornament, provides an opportunity to re-examine it in the light of recent research, and in the context of other albums of prints marketed by Antonio Lafreri.

    The past twenty years have seen the publication of important studies on print-publishing in sixteenth-century Italy, particularly with regard to a central actor, the entrepreneur Antonio Lafreri, a publisher and dealer in prints and books, of French origin, who in 1544 set up shop near the parish church of S. Tommaso in Parione, and died there in July 1577. More than five hundred prints on archaeological, architectural, religious, historical and geographical subjects were issued from Lafreri’s premises over the years.1 Questions persist about the marketing of his most famous and influential series of prints, the so-called atlases, and a collection of plans and views of ancient and modern Rome, entitled Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae. What was the role of the customer in their assembly? The long-held assumption, based on the varying composition of surviving albums, is that all are informal collections, “assembled to order,” without fixed contents or internal arrangement, products of “negotiations” between the buyer and seller, during which the customer made a selection according to his means and interests.2 This is doubtless true, however there is a growing body of evidence that Lafreri himself assembled collections of prints, either as a convenience to customers, or as a commercial strategy to stimulate the sale of unsold prints, and that he sold these across the counter as more or less uniformly constructed albums. It is likely that some albums were sold by Lafreri ready-bound. Soon after his death, it is almost certain that Lafreri’s heirs were retailing such albums.3

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  • Only one binding for conte Fulvio Rangoni is known. It covers a copy of a posthumous collection of Pietro Bembo’s vernacular letters, Delle lettere di m. Pietro Bembo primo volume, published at Rome by Valerio & Luigi Dorico for Carlo Gualteruzzi, in September 1548. The binding probably was executed in 1549 or 1550. The richly gilt red goatskin is lettered “CARD. BEMBO” on the upper cover and “C. FVLVIO RANGONE” on the lower. Remarkably, another copy of the same edition was bound in Venice for Fulvio Rangoni’s sister, Claudia (1537-1593), its upper cover similarly lettered “CARD. BEMBO,” with “C. CLAVDIA RANGONA” on the lower (see Appendix below). The bindings are not twins, but share general decorative features, and most likely were made at the same time in the same anonymous shop.

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  • Gian Federico Madruzzo first came to notice as a bibliophile in 1868, when three bindings decorated with his armorial insignia appeared in a sale in Paris of the stock of the Brighton bookseller Giovanni Gancia.1 Some copies of the auction sale catalogue contain, quite unusually, photographic illustrations of bindings, one of them Madruzzo’s copy of the 1559 Statius (lot 481; see no. 61 in the List below). The arms on its covers were drawn by Joannis Guigard and reproduced in his Nouvel armorial du bibliophile (1890). With few exceptions, Madruzzo’s books have since been identified correctly, albeit without consensus about the places and dates of binding.

    During a collecting lifetime of some thirty years, Gian Federico (or his agents) patronised binders in Paris, Lyon, Rome, and northern Italy, who executed bindings for him in goatskin, calf, and vellum, and in a variety of styles. This has made him an attractive subject for connoisseurs of bookbindings. The Comtes de Chandon de Briailles (father and sons) acquired seven of Gian Federico’s bindings (sold in 1954), while T. Kimball Brooker collected eleven. Jean Fürstenberg possessed four; Carl D. Becher, Hector Marie Auguste de Backer, and Michel Wittock each owned three; William Henry Corfield, Louis-Alexandre Barbet, Grace Whitney Hoff, Albert Ehrman, and Frederick B. Adams were content with one each.

    Scholarly investigation of Gian Federico’s bindings commenced in 1935, when G.D. Hobson described six volumes decorated à la fanfare (a seventh was added by Anthony Hobson in 1970).2 In 1990, Paul Culot published another (no. 43 in our List), while claiming knowledge of “une vingtaine d’autres ouvrages.”3 Francesco Malaguzzi then took up the hunt, extending it to bindings made for other members of the Madruzzo family, referring in 1993 to “più di trenta” bindings for Gian Federico in an essay documenting the bibliophilism of the Madruzzo family.4 Malaguzzi published the same year a monograph on legature madruzziane, in which 37 bindings are listed (31 were made for Gian Federico and of these 16 are illustrated).5 Malaguzzi subsequently added four Gian Federico bindings to that corpus in a series of catalogues of bindings in Piemontese collections;6 Culot contributed five more;7 and André Markiewicz discovered an especially beautiful binding that Gian Federico had commissioned in Paris in 1555.8 The present list includes twenty-nine bindings not mentioned by Malaguzzi, Culot, or Markiewicz, in a new iteration of the census.9 It excludes books which belonged to Gian Federico, but do not display his name or armorial insignia on their covers.10 Also excluded are books bound for other members of the family (several of the latter are however listed in the Appendix).

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  • In a previous post (link), the provenances of two luxuriously bound, presentation copies of a book of engraved prints with the Latin title Hystoria Iasonis (Paris 1563) were investigated. This work was published simultaneously in French translation, entitled Livre de la Conqueste de la Toison d’or, par le Prince Jason de Tessalie: faict par figures avec exposition d’icelles, and copies of it also were bound for presentation. Two such copies of the French edition, presented respectively to Charles de Guise, Cardinal de Lorraine (1524-1574), and to his young nephew, Henri I de Lorraine, duc de Guise (1550-1588), are discussed below.

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  • The dedication copy of an album of writing samples and model alphabets, designed by a scriptor latinus at the Vatican, Giovanni Francesco Cresci (ca 1534-ca 1614), printed on vellum for him by the stampatore camerale Antonio Blado, and bound in red goatskin by the Vatican binder Niccolò Franzese with the insignia of the dedicatee, Cardinal Carlo Borromeo (1538-1584), painted within a cartouche on both covers.

    In a series of introductory texts, Cresci offers practical instructions and critiques the scripts displayed by previous writers, notably those of Giovanni Battista Palatino, the leading figure among Roman calligraphers, and author of the most often reprinted of Roman calligraphy manuals. Each page is set within a woodcut passe-partout frame, of which there are four different designs. Then follow fifty-six examples of his own innovative scripts and roman capitals, cut in wood by Francesco Aureri da Crema, and bordered by scrollwork.1 These frames and borders and the book’s landscape format give each specimen the appearance of a monumental inscription. Like many sixteenth-century calligraphy manuals, the Essemplare is now a rare book: just nine copies are recorded, of which this is the only one known on vellum.2

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  • This binding covering a suite of twenty-six engravings illustrating the Greek myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece is decorated to an “architectural” design: a gold-tooled cornice, frieze, and architrave are supported by Ionic columns, which frame a tablet on which is placed the heraldic shield of Nicolas Dangu as abbé de Juilly, flanked by large cornucopias. On the stylobate (upper cover only) is another tablet, lettered with the motto “Ditat servata fides”. The design is enhanced by varicoloured onlays and red and blue-grey paint is used to pick out details. The composition seems intended to represent a palace portico or arcade, but there is little resemblance to any real structure, classical or contemporary, and no graphic model can be identified.

    Bindings with architectural decoration are of great rarity. The style had evolved in North-east Italy during the 1470s, was revived in France in the mid-1540s by Jean Grolier,1 and had faded by the mid-1570s. A census of bindings with this kind of ornament compiled in 1926 by G.D. Hobson lists just twelve examples, of which four were made ca 1545 by Jean Picard for Grolier, and one several years later by Picard’s successor, Gommar Estienne, for Grolier’s protégé, Thomas Mahieu.2 The present binding and another (see Appendix below), covering a copy of the same book, are both recorded by G.D. Hobson, however their original owners have until now remained enigmatic. They are here identified as Nicolas Dangu (d. 1567) and Vincenzo Lauro (1523-1592).

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  • A sale in Paris in December 2019 of books from the Béhague-Ganay collections returned to the market a superbly bound, large paper copy of Philibert De L’Orme’s Le premier tome de l’architecture, a lavishly illustrated (205 woodcut illustrations) synthesis of architectural theory and practice, dedicated by the author to his patron, Catherine de’ Medici (25 November 1567).1 Its black morocco covers are richly gilt to a magnificent “décor de fanfare de type primitif”, with inset central roundels of red morocco, and inset border frames of brown morocco, further ornamented by a gilt cypher formed of the majuscule Greek letters lamba (Λ) and eta (Η), the initials of Louis de Gonzague, duc de Nevers (1539-1595), and his wife Henriette de Clèves, duchesse de Nevers (1542-1601). The copy was bound in an atelier designated by convention the “Relieur des fanfares primitives” or “Atelier au Vase”, a Paris shop which produced bindings of outstanding quality for Mahieu, De Thou, and Grolier among others.2 Another large paper copy, also in a primitive fanfare binding, but probably bound in a different shop, was given to the dedicatee Catherine de’ Medici (see below Appendix A).

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