Schut (Cornelis)
Antwerp 1597 – 1655 Antwerp
Cornelii Schvt Antverpiensis pictvrae lvdentis genivs, svis natvram seqvens lineis, exprimens elementis, adornans mysteriis: in gvstvm artis, et vsvm, eorvm omnivm qvi elegantias amant, tractant, aestimani
Antwerp c. 1632-1654
folio (452 × 350 mm), 98 prints imposed on 45 sheets, including ‘title-print’ (transcribed above) and ‘dedication-print’ (to the commander of the Hapsburg armies, Andrea Cantelmo); see album contents below.
watermarks (1) Basilisk with one foot above a house and a Basel crosier in its beak, initials rp below (115 × 75 mm);1 (2) similar mark, initials ic on the side of the house (100 × 80 mm). Watermark in binder’s endpapers: bunch of grapes, lettered in a banner below: i. poylevé (65 × 114 mm).2 See reproductions below (Figs. 1-3).
provenance Fettercairn House, Kincardineshire (probably collected by Sir William Forbes, 6th Baronet of Monymusk and Pitsligo, 1739-1806) − Sotheby’s, Two Great Scottish Collections: Property from the Forbeses of Pitsligo and the Marquesses of Lothian, London, 28 March 2017, lot 153 (part lot; link)
Light soiling to some sheets, few lower corners turned; other minor defects.
binding contemporary flexible vellum (very worn, with losses to vellum).
An album of prints of Cornelis Schut, apparently assembled and marketed by the printmaker himself. It contains ninety-eight plates that he had first sold individually, or in small sets, and has now imposed on forty-five sheets of paper of a uniform large size, with the smaller plates printed in groups of two, three, or four on a single sheet. Several comparable albums are known, with varying contents but similarities in the arrangement of the prints. They are evidence of burgeoning interest among collectors in acquiring the output of single artists, a taste that developed in the 1630s and quickly spread, soon guiding the commercial strategy of numerous printmakers, including Rembrandt.3
Cornelis Schut was a Flemish painter, primarily of ‘history’ (no portraits, landscapes, or still lives by him are known), who applied himself to the production of church altarpieces and to painting religious and profane subject matter for private clients, working with varying degrees of studio assistance. He collaborated with Daniel Seghers in the creation of flower garland pictures, in which he supplied the small scenes decorating the centre of the compositions. Schut also produced cartoons for tapestries, and at least one design for a work in silver, a platter with ewer (aiguière), owned by Rubens. He was prolific: in a recent catalogue raisonné, some 431 paintings are documented.4
Among history painters of his time, Schut was by far the most active printmaker. His oeuvre, as catalogued by Dieuwke de Hoop Scheffer, consists of 203 prints. 5 (Rembrandt, by comparison, made around 300 prints during his career.) More than half of these are small-format prints of Catholic devotional nature, depicting Mary with her Infant Son, Christ on the Column, Saints, and subjects from the Old and New Testament. Many are artless, evidently intended for the mass market, objects for private devotion to be sold to parish churches, religious orders, and confraternities.6 About a quarter feature putti and playing children, compositions useful as models for decorative painters and artisans, and the remainder are subjects from ancient history and mythology, or allegories. One of the prints is dated 1632.7 Surprisingly few prints record the artist’s own paintings.8 Conspicuous variation in quality and in the manner of etching suggest the involvement of multiple hands in their production: the artist himself, studio assistants, and professional printmakers.9
Although Schut infrequently signed his paintings (his collaborations with Seghers were signed by Seghers alone), he scrupulously lettered his prints to indicate his role as draughtsman or ‘inventor’, or to claim both design and execution of the print (invent. et fecit), and to assert copyright (cum priuilegio). This practice suggests that Schut regarded printmaking as a means to increase his own visibility, as well as an additional source of income. The lettering informed buyers that he retained possession of the plate and sold impressions himself. Schut guarded his stockpile of matrices. In 1649, he added a codicil to his will, stipulating that the plates were to be retained as a group, and none sold except at prices approved by his widow.10
Evidence that Schut acted as a publisher, forming and selling his prints as collected oeuvres, is found in an inventory taken in 1664, nine years after his death. The inventory lists some 96 of his copper matrices as well as ‘boecken’, or sets of his etchings: ‘eenen boeck van de geëtste prenten gequoteert’ (no. 32) and ‘eenen geëtsten printboeck’ (no. 33).11 Ger Luitjen interprets these two inventory entries as referring to ready-made albums, which Schut had assembled for a new type of collector, who sought the oeuvre of an artist rather than specific subjects.12
Four such albums were identified by Luijten. Each contains an allegorical ‘title-print’ representing Nature feeding her infant, while Pictura executes a painting based on the classical phrase ‘Veritas filia temporis’; eight lines in Latin above proclaim Schut’s intentions.13 Also present in each album is an allegorical ‘frontispiece’ representing the heraldic insignia of Andrea Cantelmo (1598-1645), governor of the army of the Low Countries, who was the probable patron of the tapestries series of ‘The Seven Liberal Arts’ woven repeatedly in the workshop of Carolus Janssens, Bruges, from cartoons supplied by Schut.14
In our album and in the album in the Stedelijk Prentenkabinet, Antwerp, the ‘title-print’ follows the ‘frontispiece’, and the next four prints are in identical order; thereafter, the arrangement of plates in the two albums diverge.15 Both albums, however, are printed on similar paper stock (watermark of a Basilisk with one foot above a house and a Basel crosier in its beak, the initials RP suspended below; see figs. 1-2).16 Among plates included in the Antwerp album, but lacking in ours, is a ‘closed’ series of prints, the ‘The Seven Liberal Arts’ (title and seven prints), and title-prints from two ‘open-ended’ series: ‘Varie capricci di Corneli Schut’ and ‘Livres d’enfans poséz en racourcissant inventé et gravé en eaux-forte par Cornelius Schut’.17 The album in the National Gallery of Art lacks four of the ‘Liberal Arts’ series.18
Fig. 1 Basilisk with one foot above a house and a Basel crosier in its beak, initials rp below (115 × 75 mm). Reproduced from ■ [34]
Fig. 2 Similar mark, initials ic on the side of the house (100 × 80 mm). Reproduced from ■ [39]
Fig. 3 Watermark in binder’s endpaper, banner lettered: i. poyleve (65 × 114 mm)
Sometime after 1664, the group of copper matrices described in the notarial inventory was distributed to publishers, and no similar collections of Schut’s prints could be issued. The new owners of Schut’s matrices, of whom the publishers J. Haest,19 Johannes Meyssens,20 Franciscus vanden Wijngaerde,21 and Cornelis Galle in Antwerp,22 and perhaps Abraham van Waesberghe in Rotterdam,23 are known, often strengthened details in the plates with the burin, and added their names in the matrice.
comparable albums
Several of the albums listed below contain prints by printmakers other than Schut, and thus may be later arrangements with prints added from other sources.
album contents
Folio 1
Folio 2
Folio 3
Folio 4
Folio 5
Folio 6
Folio 7
Folio 8
Folio 9
Folio 10
Folio 11
Folio 12
Folio 13
Folio 14
Folio 15
Folio 16
Folio 17
Folio 18
Folio 19
Folio 20
Folio 21
Folio 22
Folio 23
Folio 24
Folio 25
Folio 26
Folio 27
Folio 28
Folio 29
Folio 30
Folio 31
Folio 32
Folio 33
Folio 34
Folio 35
Folio 36
Folio 37
Folio 38
Folio 39
Folio 40
Folio 41
Folio 42
Folio 43
Folio 44
Folio 45
Comparative illustration
Detail from impression lettered ‘Cor. Schut Inv. Antver.’ in Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet, RP-P-OB-59.257 (image source)
Detail from our impression, where the lettering has been masked
Comparative illustration
Detail from copper matrice in Antwerp, Museum Plantin Moretus (PK.KP.01571 | KP VIII/11 (G) (image source)
appendix
Prints contained in the Antwerp album (extract from Museum dataset; link):
1. Perhaps a paper manufactured by Heusler, the leading Basel family of paper manufacturers; compare Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (dfg), Piccard Online (link). Related marks with the suspended initials rp are reproduced by W.A. Churchill, Watermarks in paper, in Holland, England, France, etc., in the xvii and xviii centuries (Amsterdam 1935), no. 286; Erik Hinterding, Rembrandt as an etcher, translated from the Dutch by Michael Hoyle (Ouderkerk aan den IJssel 2006), i, p.45 and ii, p.65, from Rembrandt prints struck c. 1635-1647 (reproduction iii, p.111). The album of Schut prints in the Stedelijk Prentenkabinet, Antwerp, is struck on a paper with the same or similar watermark (see comparable albums below).
2. Compare Raymond Gaudriault, Filigranes et autre caractéristiques des papiers fabriques en France aux xviie et xviiie siècles (Paris 1995), p.258 (a Limousin paper, made by Jean Poyleve); C.M. Briquet, Les Filigranes, second edition (Amsterdam 1968), ii, p.655 no. 13,219 (Bruges papers of earlier date, lettered: I Poylevr).
3. See Antony Griffiths, The print before photography: an introduction to European printmaking, 1550-1820 (London 2016), p.179.
4. See Gertrude Wilmers, Cornelis Schut (1597-1655): a flemish painter of the high Baroque (Turnhout 1996), identifying 113 ‘authentic’ paintings, and 318 works mainly known at second hand.
5. F.W.H. Hollstein, Dutch and Flemish etchings, engravings and woodcuts ca. 1450-1700 [volume] 26: François Schillemans to J. Seuler, compiled by Dieuwke de Hoop Scheffer (Amsterdam 1982), pp.115-160 nos. 1-203 (nos. 204-208 are doubtful attributions).
6. Wilmers, op. cit., p.39. The production of devotional images in Early Modern Europe, particularly in specialist workshops located in Antwerp, their intended audience, and their use, has become an established field of research. See the extensive bibliography in Walter S. Melion, The meditative art: studies in the northern devotional print, 1550-1625 (Philadelphia 2009), pp.395-415.
7. Hollstein, op. cit., no. 25 (our album, print ■ [31]).
8. For an analysis of Schut’s prints by subject, see Ann Diels, The shadow of Rubens: print publishing in 17th-century Antwerp: prints by the history painters Abraham van Diepenbeeck, Cornelis Schut and Erasmus Quellinus ii, translated from the Dutch by Irene Schaudies and Michael Hoyle (London 2009), pp.224, 229. She calculates that ‘only 6% of Schut’s paintings were reproduced as prints’ (p.72).
9. On assistants in Schut’s studio who were also printmakers, see Wilmers, op. cit., p.39; Diels, The shadow of Rubens, op. cit., pp.207-222. Perhaps the most original etching in the album is a ‘Christ on the Column’ (our album, print ■ [89]), an experiment with soft-ground etching, then a technique practiced only by Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione in Italy; Ann Diels, ‘Sortant de l’ombre de Rubens’ estampes d’après des peintres d’histoire anversois, catalogue of an exhibition held at the Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, Brussels, 27 November 2009-5 February 2010 (Brussels [2009]), pp.115-116 no. 7.15; and Diels, The shadow of Rubens, op. cit., pp.217-218 fig. 23.
10. Wilmers, op. cit., p.232.
11. Erik Duverger, Antwerpse kunstinventarissen uit de zeventiende eeuw [volume] 8: 1658-1666 (Brussels 1995), pp.377-379, no. 2554: ‘1664, 3 Juni. – Inventaris van de platen, prenten en tekeningen door Cornelis Schut, kunstschilder, in het huis van N.N. [i.e., nomen nescio, anonymous or unnamed] de Licht achtergelaten. De inventaris is door notaris J. van Nos opgemaakt op verzoek van Guilliam Huijmans en tegenwoordigheid van N.N. de Licht en N.N. Boulart’. ‘N.N. de Licht’ might be the amateur painter, Andries de Licht, who in 1664-1665 was exempted from payment of dues in the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke (De Liggeren : en adere historische archieven der Antwerpsche Sint Lucasgilde, Antwerp 1864-1876, pp.361, 941; link).
12. Ger Luijten, ‘Het prentwerk van Cornelis Schut’ in Liber memorialis Erik Duverger : bijdragen tot de kunstgeschiedenis van de Nederlanden, edited by Henri Pauwels, André Van den Kerkhove, Leo Wuyts (Wetteren 2006), pp.131-152 (p.141). Diels, The shadow of Rubens, op. cit., p.223.
13. Hollstein, op. cit., no. 137 (our album, print ■ [2]).
14. Hollstein, op. cit., no. 149 (our album, print ■ [1]). See Wilmers, op. cit., pp.119-128 nos. A57-A64, for the tapestries; Hollstein, op. cit., nos. 127-134, for a suite of etchings (title and seven prints) made from intermediary drawings.
15. For a list of prints in the Antwerp album, see Appendix below (extract from Museum dataset; link).
16. Luijten, op. cit., p.142.
17. These series had no fixed contents: Schut supplied title-prints (respectively Hollstein, op. cit., nos. 166 and 203), and he – or the buyer – gathered behind whatever separate sheets were available, or of interest. Diels, ‘Sortant de l’ombre’, op. cit., no. 8.5.
18. Christopher Mendez, Catalogue 26: Old Master prints (London 1973), p.37 item 25: ‘Our volume although certainly not complete (it lacks four of the Liberal Arts series) is very extensive and includes 142 plates which are either signed or obviously autograph, six which are by other engravers after [Schut] and two other plates. One of [Schut’s] own plates is partially coloured in grey and white wash’.
19. Hollstein, op. cit., nos. 5, 8, 33, 34, 37, 45, 48, 82, 84.
20. Hollstein, op. cit., nos. 81, 87, 95, 99.
21. Hollstein, op. cit., nos. 90, 166; Luitjen, op. cit., Afb. 2.
22. Hollstein, op. cit., no. 135.
23. Hollstein, op. cit., no. 205; Diels, The shadow of Rubens, op. cit., pp.222-223.
24. Luijten, op. cit., p.131.
25. The album contains the title-plate, the plate addressed to Cantelmo, 142 plates ‘which are either signed or obviously autograph’, and six prints ‘which are by other engravers after [Schut]’ (catalogue entry). One of the latter is by Remoldus Eynhoudts (link).
26. G.K. Nagler, Neues allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon (Munich 1845), xv, p.88: ‘Sein Werk, besteht aus 176 Darstellungen, unter dem Titel: Cornelii Schutt Antv. Picturae ludentis Genius etc. Dann gab er eine Dedication bei: Has picturae ludentis delicias Cornelius Schut Antverpianus manu, mente, munere D. C. Q. gr. fol. Die Bilder erscheinen in verschiedenem Formate. Es kommen oft mehrere kleinere auf einem Blatte vor, besonders Madonnen mit dem Kinde, mit und ohne Johannes. Die Zahl derselben beläuft sich auf 64. Die Blätter sind aber öfters zerschnitten werden, so dass diese Darstellungen auch einzeln sich finden’ (link).
27. G.K. Nagler, Die Monogrammisten und diejenigen bekannten und unbekannten Künstler aller Schulen [volume 2] Cf-Gi (Munich 1860), p.246 no. 660: ‘Nach der Angabe im Winkler’schen Cataloge III. S. 974 besteht das Werk des C. Schut aus 133 Blättern verschiedenen Formats. Die Verfasser, Huber und Stimmel, machen auf ein Titelblatt mit folgender Dedication aufmerksam: Has picturae ludentis delicias Cornelius Schut Antverpianus manu, mente, munere D. C. Q.‚ gr. fol. Dieses Titelblatt haben wir nicht gesehen, wir kennen aber ein anderes. Unten rechts ist die allegorische Figur der Malerei, links jene der Natur. Oben sind drei Genien, welche ein Tuch mit folgendem Titel halten: Cornelii Schvt Antverpiensis picturae lvdentis Genivs svis natvram seqvens lineis exprimens elementis adornans mysteriis in gvstvm artis, et vsvm eorvm omnivm qvi elegantias amant, tractant aestimant. Am Piedestale links steht: Natura, an jenem rechts: Pictvra. H. 9 Z. 8 L. Br. 7 Z. 10 L.’ (link).
28. Nagler, Die Monogrammisten, op. cit., p.248 no. 17: ‘Im späteren Drucke steht in dem 3 Linien breiten Rande der Name des Künstlers’ (link).
29. Nagler, Die Monogrammisten, op. cit., p.253 no. 63: ‘Im ersten Drucke fehlt der Name, im zweiten steht links ausser dem Ovale: Schüt inuentor cum priuilegio’ (link).